HLA-G: A Key Immune System Protein (G3135)

Target Name: HLA-G

NCBI ID: G3135

HLA-G

HLA-G: A Key Immune System Protein

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a critical immune system protein that plays a vital role in the immune response. MHC class I, which is represented by the HLA-G protein, is a key component of the MHC system and is expressed in most tissues of the body. HLA-G is a potential drug target and has been identified as a biomarker for several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

HLA-G is a member of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene family, which encodes for a family of proteins that are expressed in the immune system and play a crucial role in immune responses. HLA-G is a cytoplasmic protein that is expressed in most tissues of the body, including the skin, hair, nails, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

HLA-G is a single transmembrane protein that consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. The extracellular domain of HLA-G consists of a long amino acid sequence that is involved in cell adhesion and migration. The transmembrane domain of HLA-G is responsible for the protein's unique structure and function. It is known that HLA-G has multiple interactions with other MHC class I molecules, including MHC-A, MHC-B, and MHC-DP, which are important for the immune response.

HLA-G is involved in the presentation of antigens to the immune system, which is a critical step in the immune response. Antigens are processed and loaded onto HLA-G through a process called antigen presentation. HLA-G then interacts with MHC class I molecules to determine which antigens should be processed and presented to the immune system. This process is critical for triggering an immune response and for ensuring that the immune system is able to recognize and respond to foreign substances in the body.

HLA-G is also involved in the regulation of the immune response. For example, HLA-G has been shown to play a role in the regulation of T cell development and function. HLA-G has been shown to interact with the T cell receptor (TCR), which is a critical receptor for T cells that recognizes foreign antigens. HLA-G has been shown to regulate the costimulation of T cells, which is the process by which T cells become activated and responding to a particular antigen.

HLA-G is also a potential biomarker for several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, HLA-G has been shown to be overexpressed in several types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. This suggests that HLA-G may be a useful biomarker for cancer, and that it may be a potential target for cancer therapies.

HLA-G has also been identified as a potential drug target for several diseases. For example, HLA-G has been shown to be involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This suggests that HLA-G may be a potential target for neurodegenerative diseases and that it may be a useful drug for treating these conditions.

In conclusion, HLA-G is a key component of the immune system and has multiple roles in the immune response. HLA-G is a potential drug target and has been identified as a biomarker for several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the functions of HLA-G and to develop effective therapies for treating diseases associated with its dysfunction.

Protein Name: Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, G

Functions: Non-classical major histocompatibility class Ib molecule involved in immune regulatory processes at the maternal-fetal interface (PubMed:23184984, PubMed:29262349, PubMed:19304799). In complex with B2M/beta-2 microglobulin binds a limited repertoire of nonamer self-peptides derived from intracellular proteins including histones and ribosomal proteins (PubMed:7584149, PubMed:8805247). Peptide-bound HLA-G-B2M complex acts as a ligand for inhibitory/activating KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and LILRB2 receptors on uterine immune cells to promote fetal development while maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance (PubMed:23184984, PubMed:29262349, PubMed:16366734, PubMed:19304799, PubMed:20448110, PubMed:27859042). Upon interaction with KIR2DL4 and LILRB1 receptors on decidual NK cells, it triggers NK cell senescence-associated secretory phenotype as a molecular switch to promote vascular remodeling and fetal growth in early pregnancy (PubMed:23184984, PubMed:29262349, PubMed:16366734, PubMed:19304799). Through interaction with KIR2DL4 receptor on decidual macrophages induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production mainly associated with tissue remodeling (PubMed:19304799). Through interaction with LILRB2 receptor triggers differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, both of which actively maintain maternal-fetal tolerance (PubMed:20448110, PubMed:27859042). May play a role in balancing tolerance and antiviral-immunity at maternal-fetal interface by keeping in check the effector functions of NK, CD8+ T cells and B cells (PubMed:10190900, PubMed:11290782, PubMed:24453251). Reprograms B cells toward an immune suppressive phenotype via LILRB1 (PubMed:24453251). May induce immune activation/suppression via intercellular membrane transfer (trogocytosis), likely enabling interaction with KIR2DL4, which resides mostly in endosomes (PubMed:20179272, PubMed:26460007). Through interaction with the inhibitory receptor CD160 on endothelial cells may control angiogenesis in immune privileged sites (PubMed:16809620)

The "HLA-G Target / Biomarker Review Report" is a customizable review of hundreds up to thousends of related scientific research literature by AI technology, covering specific information about HLA-G comprehensively, including but not limited to:
•   general information;
•   protein structure and compound binding;
•   protein biological mechanisms;
•   its importance;
•   the target screening and validation;
•   expression level;
•   disease relevance;
•   drug resistance;
•   related combination drugs;
•   pharmacochemistry experiments;
•   related patent analysis;
•   advantages and risks of development, etc.
The report is helpful for project application, drug molecule design, research progress updates, publication of research papers, patent applications, etc. If you are interested to get a full version of this report, please feel free to contact us at BD@silexon.ai

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