What is FAK (PTK2)? (G5747)

NCBI ID: G5747

PTK2

What is FAK (PTK2)?

The expression and phosphorylation levels of FAK in different cell lines, such as 1205Lu and 1205LuR, were examined. An increase in FAK expression and phosphorylation at Y397 was observed in the 1205LuR cell line.

The mechanism of action of goniothalamin (GTN) in inducing cancer cell death, specifically necroptosis and anoikis, was investigated. GTN was found to induce necroptosis through oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, leading to cell membrane rupture. It also induced anoikis by affecting the expression levels of certain proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. Additionally, GTN inhibited survival signaling through EGFR/FAK/Src pathway.

The involvement of FAK in the signaling cascade during invasion of mammalian cells by T. gondii was identified. FAK was activated in the mammalian cell, leading to Src-dependent transactivation of EGFR and subsequent recruitment of STAT3 signaling. This prevented the activation of PKR and eIF2alpha, resulting in the inhibition of autophagy targeting.

The activation modalities of FAK and RhoA in different cellular cases were illustrated. The interplay between inactive and active forms of FAK and RhoA, both cytosolic and membrane-bound, and their downstream signaling pathways were depicted.

The signaling cascade triggered by LH (luteinizing hormone) in breast cancer (BC) cells was described. The interaction between FAK/cortactin/Arp3 subunit was disrupted upon LH binding to LHR, leading to FAK-Tyr397 phosphorylation via Src kinase. This phosphorylation induced FAK protein autophosphorylation and subsequent modulation of the Arp2/3 complex, enhancing actin nucleation and promoting BC cell motility.

Overall, the viewpoints highlight the role of FAK in various cellular processes, including cell resistance to BRAFi, oxidative stress-induced cell death, parasite invasion inhibition, cellular morphology modulation, and BC cell adhesion and migration.
FAK, also known as PTK2, is a protein that plays a role in various cellular processes and has been implicated in tumor progression. In compliant environments, PRL/PRLR preferentially activates JAK2/STAT5, with lower activity towards FAK, resulting in physiological actions of PRL. However, in stiff environments, PRL/PRLR preferentially activates FAK, leading to pro-tumor signals and outcomes. Fibrinogen/integrin interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can also activate FAK, promoting cell proliferation and survival. Conversely, MLL treatment causes ECM degradation, reducing FAK activity and leading to programmed cell death (anoikis). In TNBC cells, Cx26 interacts with FAK and NANOG, forming a complex that drives self-renewal. This ternary complex is predominantly observed in TNBC cells, and its formation is associated with enhanced FAK activation. Overall, these findings suggest that FAK plays a critical role in tumor progression and self-renewal in certain cancer types, particularly TNBC.

Protein Name: Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2

Functions: Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, adhesion, spreading, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation and disassembly of focal adhesions and cell protrusions, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Required for early embryonic development and placenta development. Required for embryonic angiogenesis, normal cardiomyocyte migration and proliferation, and normal heart development. Regulates axon growth and neuronal cell migration, axon branching and synapse formation; required for normal development of the nervous system. Plays a role in osteogenesis and differentiation of osteoblasts. Functions in integrin signal transduction, but also in signaling downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), EPHA2, netrin receptors and LDL receptors. Forms multisubunit signaling complexes with SRC and SRC family members upon activation; this leads to the phosphorylation of additional tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for scaffold proteins, effectors and substrates. Regulates numerous signaling pathways. Promotes activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the AKT1 signaling cascade. Promotes activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Promotes localized and transient activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and thereby modulates the activity of Rho family GTPases. Signaling via CAS family members mediates activation of RAC1. Phosphorylates NEDD9 following integrin stimulation (PubMed:9360983). Recruits the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 to P53/TP53 in the nucleus, and thereby regulates P53/TP53 activity, P53/TP53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylates SRC; this increases SRC kinase activity. Phosphorylates ACTN1, ARHGEF7, GRB7, RET and WASL. Promotes phosphorylation of PXN and STAT1; most likely PXN and STAT1 are phosphorylated by a SRC family kinase that is recruited to autophosphorylated PTK2/FAK1, rather than by PTK2/FAK1 itself. Promotes phosphorylation of BCAR1; GIT2 and SHC1; this requires both SRC and PTK2/FAK1. Promotes phosphorylation of BMX and PIK3R1. Isoform 6 (FRNK) does not contain a kinase domain and inhibits PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and signaling. Its enhanced expression can attenuate the nuclear accumulation of LPXN and limit its ability to enhance serum response factor (SRF)-dependent gene transcription

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