IRF3: A Non-Coding RNA Molecule Regulating Immune Response and Cellular Processes

Target Name: IRF3

NCBI ID: G3661

IRF3

IRF3: A Non-Coding RNA Molecule Regulating Immune Response and Cellular Processes

Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a non-coding RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression and has been implicated in the development and progression of various diseases. IRF3 is a key regulator of the interferon pathway, which is a complex signaling pathway that involves the activation of downstream targets such as transcription factors, enzymes, and signaling pathways that promote cellular processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation.

IRF3 is a protein that is composed of 191 amino acid residues and has been shown to play a role in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with various transcription factors, including STAT3, a key transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in immune responses and cell signaling.

IRF3 functions as a negative regulator of STAT3, which means that it works to inhibit the activity of STAT3 and reduce its ability to activate gene expression. This interaction between IRF3 and STAT3 is important for the regulation of immune responses, as STAT3 is a key regulator of T cell development and function.

Mutations in the IRF3 gene have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. For example, studies have shown that IRF3 mutations are associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

In addition to its role in the regulation of gene expression, IRF3 is also a potential drug target. Researchers have identified several small molecules that have been shown to interact with IRF3 and have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents. For example, a study published in the journal Nature Medicine used a high-throughput screening approach to identify a small molecule inhibitor of IRF3 that was able to reduce the activity of IRF3 in cell culture and mouse models of cancer.

IRF3 is also a potential biomarker for cancer, as its expression has been shown to be regulated in a variety of cancer types. For example, a study published in the journal Cancer Research used qRT-PCR to measure the expression of IRF3 in various cancer types and found that IRF3 was often expressed at higher levels in cancer cells compared to normal cells.

Conclusion

IRF3 is a non-coding RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression and has been implicated in the development and progression of various diseases. Its interaction with transcription factors such as STAT3 and its role in the regulation of immune responses make it an attractive target for drug development. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of IRF3's function and its potential as a drug and biomarker.

Protein Name: Interferon Regulatory Factor 3

Functions: Key transcriptional regulator of type I interferon (IFN)-dependent immune responses which plays a critical role in the innate immune response against DNA and RNA viruses (PubMed:22394562, PubMed:25636800, PubMed:27302953, PubMed:24049179, PubMed:31340999). Regulates the transcription of type I IFN genes (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) by binding to an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in their promoters (PubMed:11846977, PubMed:16846591, PubMed:16979567, PubMed:20049431, PubMed:32972995). Acts as a more potent activator of the IFN-beta (IFNB) gene than the IFN-alpha (IFNA) gene and plays a critical role in both the early and late phases of the IFNA/B gene induction (PubMed:16846591, PubMed:16979567, PubMed:20049431). Found in an inactive form in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells and following viral infection, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, is phosphorylated by IKBKE and TBK1 kinases (PubMed:22394562, PubMed:25636800, PubMed:27302953). This induces a conformational change, leading to its dimerization and nuclear localization and association with CREB binding protein (CREBBP) to form dsRNA-activated factor 1 (DRAF1), a complex which activates the transcription of the type I IFN and ISG genes (PubMed:16154084, PubMed:27302953, PubMed:33440148). Can activate distinct gene expression programs in macrophages and can induce significant apoptosis in primary macrophages (PubMed:16846591). In response to Sendai virus infection, is recruited by TOMM70:HSP90AA1 to mitochondrion and forms an apoptosis complex TOMM70:HSP90AA1:IRF3:BAX inducing apoptosis (PubMed:25609812). Key transcription factor regulating the IFN response during SARS-CoV-2 infection (PubMed:33440148)

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