Unlocking The Potential of ISG15: A Protein with Multiple Functions and Potential as A Drug Target Or Biomarker

Target Name: ISG15

NCBI ID: G9636

ISG15

Unlocking The Potential of ISG15: A Protein with Multiple Functions and Potential as A Drug Target Or Biomarker

ISG15 (Immunoglobulin-like molecule 15) is a protein that is expressed in various tissues and cells of the human body. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and has been implicated in a number of cellular processes, including inflammation, immune response, and cell signaling. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in ISG15 as a potential drug target or biomarker, due to its unique structure and various biological functions.

Structure and Function

ISG15 is a 16 kDa protein that is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains contain four constant (C) regions and one variable (V) region, while the light chains contain one variable (V) region and one constant (C) region. The variable regions contain the majority of the protein's unique amino acid sequences, and these sequences play a key role in determining the protein's structure and function.

One of the most striking features of ISG15 is its ability to interact with a wide variety of protein partners. This is due to the presence of multiple interaction sites on the protein, including several extracellular and intracellular glycosylation sites. These interacting sites give ISG15 the ability to form complex with other proteins and molecules, including proteins that play important roles in inflammation, immune response, and cell signaling.

One of the most well-studied functions of ISG15 is its role in inflammation. ISG15 has been shown to be involved in a number of inflammatory processes, including the regulation of inflammation and the production of immune responses. For example, ISG15 has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of inflammation in the gut, where it has been shown to help protect against inflammatory diets and to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria.

Another function of ISG15 is its role in immune response. ISG15 has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of T cell activity, including the regulation of T cell proliferation and the production of antibodies. For example, ISG15 has been shown to help promote the development of CD4+ T cells, which are important for immune defense against viruses and other pathogens.

In addition to its role in inflammation and immune response, ISG15 has also been shown to play a number of other important functions. For example, it has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of cell signaling, including the regulation of cell growth and the production of signaling proteins. ISG15 has also been shown to play a key role in the regulation of cell adhesion, helping to maintain the integrity of tissues and organs.

Despite its many functions, ISG15 is still an relatively well-studied protein. There is ongoing research into the protein's role in various biological processes, including its potential as a drug target or biomarker. As research continues, it is likely that the full range of ISG15's functions will become increasingly clear, and its potential as a drug target or biomarker will continue to be explored.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ISG15 is a unique and highly-functional protein that has been shown to play a wide variety of roles in various cellular processes. Its ability to interact with a wide variety of protein partners and its multiple functions make it an attractive candidate as a drug target or biomarker. Further research is needed to fully understand the full range of ISG15's functions and its potential as a drug.

Protein Name: ISG15 Ubiquitin Like Modifier

Functions: Ubiquitin-like protein which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection either via its conjugation to a target protein (ISGylation) or via its action as a free or unconjugated protein. ISGylation involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions involving E1, E2, and E3 enzymes which catalyze the conjugation of ISG15 to a lysine residue in the target protein (PubMed:33727702). Its target proteins include IFIT1, MX1/MxA, PPM1B, UBE2L6, UBA7, CHMP5, CHMP2A, CHMP4B and CHMP6. Isgylation of the viral sensor IFIH1/MDA5 promotes IFIH1/MDA5 oligomerization and triggers activation of innate immunity against a range of viruses, including coronaviruses, flaviviruses and picornaviruses (PubMed:33727702). Can also isgylate: EIF2AK2/PKR which results in its activation, RIGI which inhibits its function in antiviral signaling response, EIF4E2 which enhances its cap structure-binding activity and translation-inhibition activity, UBE2N and UBE2E1 which negatively regulates their activity, IRF3 which inhibits its ubiquitination and degradation and FLNB which prevents its ability to interact with the upstream activators of the JNK cascade thereby inhibiting IFNA-induced JNK signaling. Exhibits antiviral activity towards both DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza A, HIV-1 and Ebola virus. Restricts HIV-1 and ebola virus via disruption of viral budding. Inhibits the ubiquitination of HIV-1 Gag and host TSG101 and disrupts their interaction, thereby preventing assembly and release of virions from infected cells. Inhibits Ebola virus budding mediated by the VP40 protein by disrupting ubiquitin ligase activity of NEDD4 and its ability to ubiquitinate VP40. ISGylates influenza A virus NS1 protein which causes a loss of function of the protein and the inhibition of virus replication. The secreted form of ISG15 can: induce natural killer cell proliferation, act as a chemotactic factor for neutrophils and act as a IFN-gamma-inducing cytokine playing an essential role in antimycobacterial immunity. The secreted form acts through the integrin ITGAL/ITGB2 receptor to initiate activation of SRC family tyrosine kinases including LYN, HCK and FGR which leads to secretion of IFNG and IL10; the interaction is mediated by ITGAL (PubMed:29100055)

The "ISG15 Target / Biomarker Review Report" is a customizable review of hundreds up to thousends of related scientific research literature by AI technology, covering specific information about ISG15 comprehensively, including but not limited to:
•   general information;
•   protein structure and compound binding;
•   protein biological mechanisms;
•   its importance;
•   the target screening and validation;
•   expression level;
•   disease relevance;
•   drug resistance;
•   related combination drugs;
•   pharmacochemistry experiments;
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•   advantages and risks of development, etc.
The report is helpful for project application, drug molecule design, research progress updates, publication of research papers, patent applications, etc. If you are interested to get a full version of this report, please feel free to contact us at BD@silexon.ai

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