APOE: A Potential Drug Target and Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease

Target Name: APOE

NCBI ID: G348

APOE

APOE: A Potential Drug Target and Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, primarily in older adults. The disease is characterized by a progressive accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain, leading to progressive memory loss, decline in cognitive function, and eventual death. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, and current treatments are only able to slow down the progression of the disease and provide relief for symptoms. Therefore, developing new treatments and identifying potential drug targets is a major focus of research in the field of Alzheimer's disease.

APOE: A Potential Drug Target and Biomarker

The APOE gene, which stands for \"APOE,\" is a gene that has been identified as a potential drug target for Alzheimer's disease. The APOE gene is a member of the ApoE gene family, which is known for its role in the regulation of blood clotting and the risk of heart disease. Scientific research shows that APOE gene has been associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

In addition, research also shows that knocking out the APOE gene can significantly reduce the content of amyloid protein in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and amyloid protein is the main factor in neuronal death in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings provide a new idea for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, that is, by targeting the APOE gene, intervention may help reduce the levels of amyloid in patients, improve cognitive function, and delay the progression of the disease.

APOE as a drug target

At present, the APOE gene has been knocked out, and drugs that knock out the APOE gene are also regarded as a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease. This drug is named "ApoE inhibitor" (APOE inhibitor) because they can inhibit the function of the APOE gene, thereby reducing the content of amyloid protein. Currently, several pharmaceutical companies are developing APOE inhibitors, which can be administered orally or injected to patients.

APOE as a biomarker

In addition to being a drug target, the APOE gene can also be used as a biomarker to detect Alzheimer's disease. Scientific research shows that APOE gene knockout can cause neuron death. Therefore, by detecting the number of neuron deaths, the patient's cognitive function and risk of Alzheimer's disease progression can be assessed. In addition, APOE gene knockout can also be used as a new biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, helping doctors to carry out early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

in conclusion

As a new drug target, APOE gene can provide new ideas for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, APOE inhibitors have been developed and can be administered to patients orally or by injection. In addition, the APOE gene can also be used as a biomarker to detect Alzheimer's disease. These findings offer new hope for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Protein Name: Apolipoprotein E

Functions: APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:1911868, PubMed:14754908). APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:1911868, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:9395455, PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). Apolipoproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:9395455). As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) but shows a preferential binding to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:1911868). It also binds a wide range of cellular receptors including the LDL receptor/LDLR, the LDL receptor-related proteins LRP1, LRP2 and LRP8 and the very low-density lipoprotein receptor/VLDLR that mediate the cellular uptake of the APOE-containing lipoprotein particles (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:7768901, PubMed:8939961, PubMed:12950167, PubMed:20030366, PubMed:2063194, PubMed:8756331, PubMed:20303980, PubMed:1530612, PubMed:7635945). Finally, APOE has also a heparin-binding activity and binds heparan-sulfate proteoglycans on the surface of cells, a property that supports the capture and the receptor-mediated uptake of APOE-containing lipoproteins by cells (PubMed:9395455, PubMed:9488694, PubMed:23676495, PubMed:7635945). A main function of APOE is to mediate lipoprotein clearance through the uptake of chylomicrons, VLDLs, and HDLs by hepatocytes (PubMed:1911868, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:9395455, PubMed:23676495, PubMed:29516132). APOE is also involved in the biosynthesis by the liver of VLDLs as well as their uptake by peripheral tissues ensuring the delivery of triglycerides and energy storage in muscle, heart and adipose tissues (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:29516132). By participating in the lipoprotein-mediated distribution of lipids among tissues, APOE plays a critical role in plasma and tissues lipid homeostasis (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:29516132). APOE is also involved in two steps of reverse cholesterol transport, the HDLs-mediated transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, and thereby plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:9395455, PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). First, it is functionally associated with ABCA1 in the biogenesis of HDLs in tissues (PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). Second, it is enriched in circulating HDLs and mediates their uptake by hepatocytes (PubMed:9395455). APOE also plays an important role in lipid transport in the central nervous system, regulating neuron survival and sprouting (PubMed:8939961, PubMed:25173806). APOE is also involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, controlling for instance the survival of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (By similarity). Binds to the immune cell receptor LILRB4 (PubMed:30333625). APOE may also play a role in transcription regulation through a receptor-dependent and cholesterol-independent mechanism, that activates MAP3K12 and a non-canonical MAPK signal transduction pathway that results in enhanced AP-1-mediated transcription of APP (PubMed:28111074)

The "APOE Target / Biomarker Review Report" is a customizable review of hundreds up to thousends of related scientific research literature by AI technology, covering specific information about APOE comprehensively, including but not limited to:
•   general information;
•   protein structure and compound binding;
•   protein biological mechanisms;
•   its importance;
•   the target screening and validation;
•   expression level;
•   disease relevance;
•   drug resistance;
•   related combination drugs;
•   pharmacochemistry experiments;
•   related patent analysis;
•   advantages and risks of development, etc.
The report is helpful for project application, drug molecule design, research progress updates, publication of research papers, patent applications, etc. If you are interested to get a full version of this report, please feel free to contact us at BD@silexon.ai

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