ACE: A Drug Target / Disease Biomarker (G1636)

Target Name: ACE

NCBI ID: G1636

Content of Review Report on ACE Target / Biomarker

ACE

ACE: A Drug Target / Disease Biomarker

The ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) system is a highly conserved family of enzymes that are involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes in the body, including blood pressure, blood flow, and inflammation. Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACEs) have been identified as potential drug targets in the pharmaceutical industry due to their involvement in various diseases, including heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes.

ACEs are a group of enzymes that belong to the superfamily of enzymes known as pro-inflammatory cytoskeletal proteins (PICPs). These enzymes are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes that are critical for maintaining tissue health and function. One of the main functions of ACEs is to regulate the levels of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to rise.

ACEs are coded as gene products, and their function is studied using a variety of techniques, including genetic studies, biochemical assays, and animal models. Many ACEs have been shown to have important roles in various physiological processes, including:

1. Blood pressure regulation: ACEs are involved in the regulation of blood pressure by breaking down angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to rise. This process is known as ACE inhibition, and it is a key mechanism by which ACEs can help to lower blood pressure.

2. Blood flow regulation: ACEs are involved in the regulation of blood flow by controlling the movement of blood vessels. This process is known as ACE modulation of vascular permeability, and it is critical for maintaining blood flow to the body's tissues.

3. Inflammation regulation: ACEs are involved in the regulation of inflammation by controlling the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This process is known as ACE regulation of inflammation, and it is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing chronic inflammation.

4. Oxidative stress regulation: ACEs are involved in the regulation of oxidative stress by controlling the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process is known as ACE regulation of oxidative stress, and it is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing oxidative stress-induced damage.

5. Endocrine regulation: ACEs are involved in the regulation of hormones by controlling the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates various physiological processes in the body.

Despite their importance in various physiological processes, many ACEs have not yet been identified as potential drug targets. The development of new treatments for ACE-related diseases is an active area of research, and the identification of new ACEs as potential drug targets is an important step in this process.

In conclusion, the ACE system is a conserved family of enzymes that are involved in various physiological processes in the body. Angiotensin-converting enzymes have been identified as potential drug targets due to their involvement in various diseases, including heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes. Further research is needed to identify new ACEs as potential drug targets and to develop new treatments for ACE-related diseases.

Protein Name: Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme

Functions: Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a variety of circulating hormones, such as angiotensin I, bradykinin or enkephalins, thereby playing a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis or synaptic plasticity (PubMed:2558109, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7523412, PubMed:15615692, PubMed:20826823). Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates (PubMed:1851160, PubMed:1320019, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:10913258, PubMed:19773553). Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin (PubMed:4322742, PubMed:1851160, PubMed:11432860, PubMed:19773553, PubMed:23056909). Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response (PubMed:2558109, PubMed:6055465, PubMed:4322742, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:15615692). Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins (PubMed:656131, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:6208535, PubMed:15615692). Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) (PubMed:656131, PubMed:6270633, PubMed:2982830). Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) (PubMed:8257427, PubMed:7876104, PubMed:8609242, PubMed:26403559). Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 (PubMed:18077343). Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation (PubMed:11604391, PubMed:16154999, PubMed:19773553). Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones (PubMed:2983326, PubMed:7683654, PubMed:9371719, PubMed:10336644). Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region (PubMed:7876104, PubMed:10336644, PubMed:19773553)

The "ACE Target / Biomarker Review Report" is a customizable review of hundreds up to thousends of related scientific research literature by AI technology, covering specific information about ACE comprehensively, including but not limited to:
•   general information;
•   protein structure and compound binding;
•   protein biological mechanisms;
•   its importance;
•   the target screening and validation;
•   expression level;
•   disease relevance;
•   drug resistance;
•   related combination drugs;
•   pharmacochemistry experiments;
•   related patent analysis;
•   advantages and risks of development, etc.
The report is helpful for project application, drug molecule design, research progress updates, publication of research papers, patent applications, etc. If you are interested to get a full version of this report, please feel free to contact us at BD@silexon.ai

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