NOD2: Drug Targets, Biological Markers and Clinical Applications

Target Name: NOD2

NCBI ID: G64127

NOD2

NOD2: Drug Targets, Biological Markers and Clinical Applications

Non-Classical Extrapolar D-noxious translocase (NOD2) is an enzyme that plays an important role in organisms. NOD2 plays a key role in life processes such as inflammatory response, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. However, current research on NOD2 is still in the exploratory stage. Nonetheless, some researchers have made important progress on drug targets for NOD2. This article will review NOD2 from the aspects of drug targets, biological markers and clinical applications.

1. Drug targets

1.NOD2 receptor

The NOD2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor belonging to family C, member 2 (GPRCZ). NOD2 receptors play an important role in cell signaling, especially in the transduction of inflammatory signals. NOD2 receptor antagonists, such as rofecoxib and enoxaparin, are widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory diseases.

2.NOD2-related inflammation

NOD2 receptors play a key role in inflammatory responses. The infiltration and activation of NOD2 receptor-positive cells in inflammatory tissues can lead to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response. Therefore, by inhibiting NOD2 receptors, the severity of the inflammatory response can be reduced. Rofecoxib is a NOD2 receptor antagonist. By inhibiting NOD2 receptors, it can inhibit the activation of NOD2 receptors in inflammatory tissues, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory response.

3.NOD2 and tumorigenesis

The role of NOD2 receptors in tumorigenesis has also received widespread attention. NOD2 receptor-positive tumor cells can evade immune surveillance and thus play a key role in tumor growth and spread. Therefore, by inhibiting NOD2 receptors, the growth and spread of tumor cells can be blocked. At present, some anti-NOD2 receptor anti-tumor drugs, such as carboplatin, cisplatin and paclitaxel, have achieved significant efficacy in clinical application.

4.NOD2 and apoptosis

NOD2 receptors also play an important role in apoptosis. When NOD2 receptor-positive cells suffer cell damage or stimulation, they can trigger cell apoptosis by activating the NOD2 receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Therefore, by inhibiting NOD2 receptors, cell apoptosis can be prevented, thereby inhibiting cell damage and disease progression to a certain extent.

2. Biological markers

1.NOD2 gene expression

The NOD2 gene is a gene encoding the NOD2 receptor and belongs to the tumor necrosis-associated gene 1 (TNFAIP3) family. The expression level of NOD2 gene can be used as a potential biomarker of NOD2 receptor. Studies have found that NOD2 gene expression levels differ in various tumor types, providing a biological basis for tumor screening and treatment.

2.NOD2 receptor expression

NOD2 receptor expression levels also vary among various tumor types. Studies have found that NOD2 receptor expression levels are positively correlated with tumor invasiveness and metastasis. Therefore, by detecting the expression level of NOD2 receptor, the invasion and metastasis of tumors can be predicted, and guidance for tumor treatment can be provided.

3.NOD2 receptor subtypes

NOD2 receptor subtypes are spatially different arrangements of genes encoding NOD2 receptors. Studies have found that NOD2 receptor subtypes differ in cellular function and expression levels. For example, NOD2 receptor subtype 1-positive cells play a more obvious role in tumor occurrence and progression, while NOD2 receptor subtype 4-positive cells have anti-tumor effects. Therefore, detecting NOD2 receptor subtypes provides more specific targets for tumor treatment.

3. Clinical application

1.NOD2 receptor antagonist

The aforementioned rofecoxib is a NOD2 receptor antagonist that has been widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. By inhibiting NOD2 receptors, rofecoxib can reduce the activity of NOD2 receptors in inflammatory tissues, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory response.

2.NOD2 anti-tumor drugs

In addition to rofecoxib, there are currently some anti-NOD2 receptor anti-tumor drugs in clinical application. For example, cisplatin is an anti-NOD2 receptor chemotherapy drug that inhibits

Protein Name: Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain Containing 2

Functions: Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments and other danger signals and plays an important role in gastrointestinal immunity (PubMed:12527755, PubMed:31649195). Upon stimulation by muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan, binds the proximal adapter receptor-interacting RIPK2, which recruits ubiquitin ligases as XIAP, BIRC2, BIRC3, INAVA and the LUBAC complex, triggering activation of MAP kinases and activation of NF-kappa-B signaling (PubMed:11087742, PubMed:21887730). This in turn leads to the transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes involved in immune response. Required for MDP-induced NLRP1-dependent CASP1 activation and IL1B release in macrophages (PubMed:18511561). Component of an autophagy-mediated antibacterial pathway together with ATG16L1 (PubMed:20637199). Also plays a role in sensing single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from viruses. Interacts with mitochondrial antiviral signaling/MAVS, leading to activation of interferon regulatory factor-3/IRF3 and expression of type I interferon (PubMed:19701189). Besides recognizing pathogens, participates in surveillance of cellular homeostasis through sensing and binding to the cytosolic metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate and then initating inflammation process (PubMed:33942347)

The "NOD2 Target / Biomarker Review Report" is a customizable review of hundreds up to thousends of related scientific research literature by AI technology, covering specific information about NOD2 comprehensively, including but not limited to:
•   general information;
•   protein structure and compound binding;
•   protein biological mechanisms;
•   its importance;
•   the target screening and validation;
•   expression level;
•   disease relevance;
•   drug resistance;
•   related combination drugs;
•   pharmacochemistry experiments;
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•   advantages and risks of development, etc.
The report is helpful for project application, drug molecule design, research progress updates, publication of research papers, patent applications, etc. If you are interested to get a full version of this report, please feel free to contact us at BD@silexon.ai

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